Satan

“ACCUSER / ADVERSARY”

Satan (שטן) means "adversary" or "accuser" and originally describes a role rather than a specific entity or personality. Various people and angels are referred to as having the role of “satan” though it is often translated differently in some English texts to avoid correlation with

a central figure of evil. Scripture also equates the term ‘satan’ with the evil inclination (fleshly desires), a natural component of human psychology that challenges individuals to choose between good and evil, thereby enabling moral growth.

In the book of Job, Satan appears as a member of the Divine council, challenging Job's righteousness and proposing a series of tests to prove Job's faithfulness to G-d. It's important to note that Satan's actions are permitted by G-d, emphasizing his role as an accuser used to test and refine human character (Job 1:6-12).

In Zechariah 3:1-2, Satan is seen accusing the High Priest Joshua, standing at his right hand to oppose him. G-d rebukes Satan, defending Joshua. This scene illustrates Satan's role as an accuser in the heavenly court, a function that serves to challenge and ultimately vindicate G-d's people.

Satan does not represent an independent or rival power to G-d, but as a role which we must overcome and conquer. Evil and temptation are part of free will and the opportunity for spiritual growth. The adversarial challenges posed by Satan(s) are seen as opportunities for individuals to affirm their faithfulness and commitment to G-d's commandments. This perspective emphasizes G-d's absolute unity and sovereignty, rejecting dualistic notions of a cosmic battle between good and evil forces.

The emphasis is on personal responsibility, ethical decision-making, and the pursuit of righteousness, with the understanding that G-d provides the guidance and strength needed to overcome any challenge.